A Brief History of…Slush Funds

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The term “Slush Fund” in its modern connotation leaves a dirty taste in most peoples mouths. Common in business and politics, slush funds can have legitimate purposes but are most commonly associated with fallen governments and embarrassed politicians such as Abbott’s secret fund to fight One Nation, the notorious Union political slush funds or even more notorious examples like Nixon’s side hobbies.

The word slush originates as a little bit of onomatopoeia dating back to the mid 17th Century, probably from Swedish “slask” for a damp soggy ground or from the Danish “slus” for sleet. As a side note, on the tree of languages English is damn close to the Germanic and Scandinavian languages (closest relative language being Dutch), hence these are usually the best starting point for any word that does not appear to have Greek or Latin origins.

Slush first appears in English in the 18th century as a reference to the slushy part of animals; the fat. It was almost solely in nautical usage relating to the grease at the bottom of salted meat barrels. The term probably jumped over into English following the naval detente that arose after each of the Anglo-Dutch wars (a somewhat forgotten series of wars during which the English were defeated and sole domain of the Spice Islands was handed to the Dutch.)

It was common practice for the grease at the bottom of these barrels, or the thick layer that rose to the top when boiling, to be saved and sold onshore to candle and soap makers. These sales were treated on a “don’t ask don’t tell” basis by the brass and the proceeds were split between the Officers.

Hence Slush Funds were an off-the-books account used to benefit secret or priority groups, and almost always associated with luxurious purchases. It’s a pretty easy jump to politics. The term first appeared in a political context following the US Civil War. It referred to contingency funds set aside by Congress, outside of the regular budget for special projects and was usually associated with carpet-baggers.

Anecdotally there is usually considered a difference in the legitimacy between Pork-Barrel politics and Slush Funds even though both terms are almost certainly from the same source.

The term “greasing the palm” and its variants are probably also drawn from a reference to slush funds…good to know.

Law Change Clarifies No Right for Private Parking Fines

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Operators of private parking facilities need to apply for status as an authorised parking authority or they have no right to issue fines under new legislation that passed the Legislative Assembly on Thursday.

Pre-empting a court determination, the ACT Legislative Assembly moved to clarify the rights of the Road Transport Authority to refuse to hand over driver information to private companies.

Parking in a private space longer than you have paid for is best characterised as a breach of contract or possibly even trespass but the issuing of fines is punitive and therefore represents more than any actual loss suffered by the driver staying longer. Actual losses would more likely be assessed to be in the realm of $8-13, instead of the current ~$80. Parking operators are able to apply for official status as a parking authority under a model which sees the government collect fines whilst the operator gets the revenue from the drivers. Alternatively the operator is free to install boom-gates which means that they are able to directly recover any apparent “losses” from drivers overstaying their paid time.

The current recovery system for the pay-and-display operators is to issue the notices and then request driver registration information from the RTA in order to seek private enforcement of the so-called debt.

The court action was triggered when the Government refused to hand over the registration information essentially blocking the efforts of the parking operators to collect on their “fines”.

Additional changes included in the legislation include the creation of an offence for drinking alcohol whilst driving, banning bicycles on public roads that are powered by “an internal combustion engine”, and clarifying that “drifting” is dangerous driving.


Canberra Times Article.
Image courtesy of “Seattle parking checker, 1960” by Seattle Municipal Archives from Seattle, WA – Parking checker, 1960Uploaded by Jmabel. Licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_parking_checker,_1960.gif#/media/File:Seattle_parking_checker,_1960.gif

Court Overturns Tribunal Decision to Remove Firearms Licence from Domestic Violence Order Subject

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In Singh -v- The Registrar of Firearms the Supreme Court has examined an apparent inconsistency between powers granted to Magistrates under the Domestic Violence and Protection Orders Act and the powers of the Registrar of Firearms to strip a Firearms Licence from someone who is the subject of a DVPO final order.

Background

Firstly let me cover myself by saying that Domestic Violence and Personal Protection Orders are not criminal offences. There is no finding of guilt. They are civil proceedings without the usual evidential burdens and there are numerous reasons they can be made. They do deal with some heavy stuff but frequently they are ludicrously overblown and often parties don’t fight them because the undertakings are mutual such as both parties agreeing they want nothing to do with each other. My personal go-to story is the neighbour who felt personally threatened by a tree growing over the fence and both parties agreed to trim the tree and stay 10 metres away from each other and only communicate through their lawyers. This counts as my disclaimer by the way.

Now, down to business.

Following the 1996 Port Arthur massacre, there was a review of firearms laws all over Australian and in the already relatively gun-safe ACT it took the guise of amendments to the Firearms Act to prevent someone applying for a licence if, in the last 10 years, they had been the subject of a gun control order. Under s57 of the DVPO act once a final order is made by a Magistrate, the subject’s Firearms Licence is automatically cancelled unless the Magistrate otherwise orders. s81 of the Firearms Act the Registrar of Firearms is able to cancel a licence under a number of pre-conditions including if the licensee is not suitable satisfied on reasonable grounds. Being the subject of a Domestic Violence Protection Order is arguably a reasonable ground to lose your firearms licence…but thats the entire point…arguably.

In Singh the Appellant had a final order made against him by the Magistrate who elected to grant an application to not strip the applicant of his licence. However, following the making of the final order the Registrar of Firearms, who is the ACT Deputy Chief Police Officer (Crime), Commander David Price, exercised his discretion to take away the licence of the Appellant.

Appeal Points

On appeal the Appellant raised dual issues of an absurd/unreasonable construction of the acts and an inconsistency in the reading of the acts.

On the point of absurd/unreasonable reading the Court found that there may be a “tension” between the acts but was able to rely on (the gift that keeps on giving) Eastman [2010] ACTCA 15 at [88]:

…the word “absurd”…mean[s] “(o)ut of harmony with reason or propriety; incongruous, inappropriate; unreasonable; ridiculous, silly”. The word “unreasonable” means “(n)ot endowed with reason; irrational … . Not based on or acting in accordance with reason or good sense”.

Neither Act can be described as such. Neither Act is internally absurd or unreasonable; any absurdity or unreasonableness arises from the tension between the Acts.

The Court found essentially that there was no absurd or unreasonable construction in the drafting of the acts. Under the Legislation Act, specifically ss138-140, an act must be interpreted by reading the act as a whole and preferring the interpretation which gives effect to the act.

Inconsistency

The Appellant raised the second point of the decision being inconsistent on the difference between a power specifically given to the Registrar versus the apparent guidance provided by the Magistrate.

On the point of inconsistency the court examined a number of authorities including the hansard from the passage of the bill from Mr Bill Stefaniak, then opposing the bill, who now sits on the ACAT, from which the appeal was based, stated:

I am aware that there are firearms enthusiasts who feel that the provisions [the precursor suitability provisions] are too stringent and could result in people having their weapons taken off them, for reasons that are not logically connected with their holding a firearms licence. I have some sympathy with these concerns. By way of hypothetical example, it seems unfair that someone who is a target pistol enthusiast and who perhaps stores their guns in an armoury at a firing range should automatically lose their licence if they had 10 years ago been subjected to an interim protection order and recently had their drivers licence suspended. But that is the automatic effect of [the precursor section].(Australian Capital Territory, Hansard, Legislative Assembly, 3 July 2008, 2754 (Dr Deb Foskey).

The Court’s conclusion of inconsistency included a few biting comments about the operations of the act and the need for the legislature to remedy the inconsistency:

52. Finally, it would be an unusual outcome if the considered decision of a judicial officer is to be rendered otiose by the virtually simultaneous mandatory action of an administrator.53. There is no relevant area in which the provisions can operate consistently. The Tribunal found (at [54]) that the relevant provisions of the DVPO Act were enacted after the relevant provisions of the Firearms Act. That finding was not challenged on the appeal. Therefore, there are strong grounds to conclude that the power granted to the Magistrates Court to make a non-cancellation order in specific cases was intended to repeal the mandatory but general cancellation effected by the Firearms Act.54. I accept that implied repeal leads to odd results, including the result that a licence that is saved by a non-cancellation order cannot be renewed because a renewal is treated as a new licence application and refusal of a new licence is mandatory under the Firearms Act.55. I support the recommendation of the Tribunal at [61] that “…legislative action [should] be taken to clarify the relationship between the DVPO Act and the Firearms Act where a PPO is made against the holder of a firearms licence.”

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